1 Samuel 20:26-33

20:26 However, Saul said nothing about it ¹  that day, for he thought, ²  “Something has happened to make him ceremonially unclean. Yes, he must be unclean.” 20:27 But the next morning, the second day of the new moon, David’s place was still vacant. So Saul said to his son Jonathan, “Why has Jesse’s son not come to the meal yesterday or today?”

20:28 Jonathan replied to Saul, “David urgently requested that he be allowed to go to Bethlehem. 20:29 He said, ‘Permit me to go, ³  for we are having a family sacrifice in the city, and my brother urged ⁴  me to be there. So now, if I have found favor with you, let me go ⁵  to see my brothers.’ For that reason he has not come to the king’s table.”

20:30 Saul became angry with Jonathan ⁶  and said to him, “You stupid traitor! ⁷  Don’t I realize that to your own disgrace and to the disgrace of your mother’s nakedness you have chosen this son of Jesse? 20:31 For as long as ⁸  this son of Jesse is alive on the earth, you and your kingdom will not be established. Now, send some men ⁹  and bring him to me. For he is as good as dead!” ¹⁰ 

20:32 Jonathan responded to his father Saul, “Why should he be put to death? What has he done?” 20:33 Then Saul threw his spear at Jonathan ¹¹  in order to strike him down. So Jonathan was convinced ¹²  that his father had decided to kill David.

1 Samuel 22:7-8

22:7 Saul said to his servants who were stationed around him, “Listen up, you Benjaminites! Is Jesse’s son giving fields and vineyards to all of you? Or is he making all of you ¹³  commanders and officers? ¹⁴  22:8 For all of you have conspired against me! No one informs me ¹⁵  when my own son makes an agreement with this son of Jesse! Not one of you feels sorry for me or informs me that my own son has commissioned my own servant to hide in ambush against me, as is the case today!”

1 Samuel 22:16-18

22:16 But the king said, “You will surely die, Ahimelech, you and all your father’s house! 22:17 Then the king said to the messengers ¹⁶  who were stationed beside him, “Turn and kill the priests of the Lord, for they too have sided ¹⁷  with David! They knew he was fleeing, but they did not inform me.” But the king’s servants refused to harm ¹⁸  the priests of the Lord.

22:18 Then the king said to Doeg, “You turn and strike down the priests!” So Doeg the Edomite turned and struck down the priests. He killed on that day eighty-five ¹⁹  men who wore the linen ephod.

1 Samuel 25:10-11

25:10 But Nabal responded to David’s servants, “Who is David, and who is this son of Jesse? This is a time when many servants are breaking away from their masters! 25:11 Should I take my bread and my water and my meat that I have slaughtered for my shearers and give them to these men? I don’t even know where they came from!”

[20:26]  ¹ tn The words “about it” are not present in the Hebrew text, although they are implied.

[20:26]  ² tn Heb “said,” that is, to himself.

[20:29]  ³ tn Heb “send me.”

[20:29]  ⁴ tn Heb “commanded.”

[20:29]  ⁵ tn Heb “be released [from duty].”

[20:30]  ⁶ tc Many medieval Hebrew mss include the words “his son” here.

[20:30]  ⁷ tn Heb “son of a perverse woman of rebelliousness.” But such an overly literal and domesticated translation of the Hebrew expression fails to capture the force of Saul’s unrestrained reaction. Saul, now incensed and enraged over Jonathan’s liaison with David, is actually hurling very coarse and emotionally charged words at his son. The translation of this phrase suggested by Koehler and Baumgartner is “bastard of a wayward woman” (HALOT 796 s.v. עוה), but this is not an expression commonly used in English. A better English approximation of the sentiments expressed here by the Hebrew phrase would be “You stupid son of a bitch!” However, sensitivity to the various public formats in which the Bible is read aloud has led to a less startling English rendering which focuses on the semantic value of Saul’s utterance (i.e., the behavior of his own son Jonathan, which he viewed as both a personal and a political betrayal [= “traitor”]). But this concession should not obscure the fact that Saul is full of bitterness and frustration. That he would address his son Jonathan with such language, not to mention his apparent readiness even to kill his own son over this friendship with David (v. 33), indicates something of the extreme depth of Saul’s jealousy and hatred of David.

[20:31]  ⁸ tn Heb “all the days that.”

[20:31]  ⁹ tn The words “some men” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[20:31]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “a son of death.”

[20:33]  ¹¹ tn Heb “him”; the referent (Jonathan) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[20:33]  ¹² tn Heb “knew.”

[22:7]  ¹³ tc The MT has “to all of you.” If this reading is correct, we have here an example of a prepositional phrase functioning as the equivalent of a dative of advantage, which is not impossible from a grammatical point of view. However, the LXX, the Syriac Peshitta, and Vulgate all have “and.” A conjunction rather than a preposition should probably be read on the front of this phrase.

[22:7]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “officers of a thousand and officers of a hundred.”

[22:8]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “uncovers my ear.”

[22:17]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “runners.”

[22:17]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “their hand is.”

[22:17]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “to extend their hand to harm.”

[22:18]  ¹⁹ tc The number is confused in the Greek ms tradition. The LXX, with the exception of the Lucianic recension, has the number 305. The Lucianic recension, along with a couple of Old Latin mss, has the number 350.